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In the active voice, the subject of the verb is the person or thing that does the action. In the passive, the subject (or in other words the object in the active) has the focus. The action is done to the subject in the passive.. |
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There are two ways of reporting what people say.
One is direct speech. We use the direct speech to the actual words used by another person. We indicate direct speech by the use of quotation marks.
The other is indirect speech. We use indirect speech to report what another person says or said. In Indirect speech, we make changes in pronouns, adverbs tenses etc.
Ex. John said, “I’m washing clothes.
John said (that) he was washing clothes.
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Sunday, 11 January 2009 10:21 |
Conjunctions are the words which join words, phrases, sentences or clauses.
Types of Conjunction:-
Conjunctions are mainly of two types:
1. Co – ordinating Conjunctions
2. Subordinating Conjunctions
Co-ordinating conjunctions are the words which join words or phrases of equal rank.
Example:-
And (avoids the repetition of the subjects)
He bought a book and a magazine.
As well as (means in addition to)
Ravi as well as his brother are absent.
Both ………. and
Not only ………….. but also
Alternative conjunctions
or, either ……….. or, neither …………. nor, otherwise.
Ex. You can either go or stay with me.
She was neither rich nor beautiful.
Hurry up, otherwise you will be late.
Adversative conjunction
But, yet, still, however, whereas, while (They join opposite result or effect of the fact stated in the earlier part of the sentence. They show a contrast between two statements.
Ex. 1.He ran fast, but he could not catch the train.
2.He is strong yet / still he is a coward.
3.Wise people are respected whereas / while rich people are envied.
4.He has been punished several time however he has not given up his bad habits. (The effect is not as expected)
Illative Conjunctions or the Conjunction of inference.
Illative conjunctions are the words which join two statements in which one statement is the expected result or effect of the other
one or one statement is proved with the help of the other one.
Ex. So, therefore
He worked hard so he stood first in the class.
We are late therefore we must make haste.
Exercise (Elementary)
Fill in the blanks with appropriate co – ordinating conjunctions:
1. He is very poor ___________ he is happy.
2. Sita ___________ her sister is busy in the kitchen.
3. The child is hungry ___________ it is weeping.
4. Saurabh ___________ his brother is to blame.
5. We know the values of trees ___________ we are felling them unnecessarily.
6. We shouldn’t destroy our forest ___________ they are the real wealth of our country.
7. He has a very large family ___________ he is very unhappy.
8. I went to the tea stall ___________ ordered a cup of tea.
9. ___________ Mohan ___________ his friends have made this mischief.
10. He ___________ came here ___________ did he write any letter.
11. A soldier must be ___________ strong ___________ courageous.
12. Ravi ___________ Rakesh are friends.
13. He has failed twice ___________ he is not serious about his work.
14. He ___________ won a prize ___________ got a promotion.
15. He is very intelligent ___________ careless.
Subordinating Conjunction
Subordinating conjunctions express which idea is more and which is less important. The idea in the main clause is the more important while the idea in the subordinate clause (made subordinate by the subordinating conjunction) is less important. The subordinate clause supplies a time, reason, condition, and so on far the main clause.
| Subordinating Conjunctions | | Time | Reason | Concession | Place | Condition | Manner | | After
Before
Since
When
Whenever
Until
As soon as
No sooner | Because
Since
So that
In order that
Why | Although
Though
Even
Though | Where
Wherever | If
Unless
In case
Even if
Provided That | As if
As though As …….. as | | Examples:- 1. The train has left before I reached.
2. Five years have passed since I saw him.
3. My school is closed today because today is Sunday.
4. Although he is rich, he is miser.
5. He works hard so that he may score good marks.
6. He is working hard lest he should fail. (This conjunction introduces subordinate clause of purpose.)
Note:- ‘Lest’ has a negative meaning ‘So that ……… not’. It is incorrect to say: Walk carefully lest you do not fall.
7. I will stay here till he comes.
8. As soon as the teacher came, students became quite.
9. No sooner does the teacher come, students became quite.
10. He lay down on the ground as though he were dead.
11. If I were rich, I would buy a car.
12. He will not come unless you invite him.
13. I had hardly entered the room when the class started.
Exercise – (Elementary)
Subordinating conjunctions Fill in the blanks with suitable conjunctions:
1. He reached ___________ the meeting had ended.
2. He will not come ___________ you have offered him.
3. He tried for a long time ___________ he got success.
4. You can not catch the bus ___________ you run fast.
5. This book is more interesting ___________ that.
6. He took medicine ___________ he might get well.
7. It is so hot___________ we cannot sit outside.
8. ___________ he make haste, he was late for school.
9. ___________ he entered the picture hall the show started.
10. I know ___________ he will come.
11. Ram asked his friend ___________ he loved him.
12. I told him ___________ I would be late.
13. ___________ you are not feeling well, you can stay here.
14. The crops will be spoiled ___________ it rains within a week.
15. Wait here ___________ I come back.
Exercise (Intermediate)
Complete the following sentences:
1. I went to the book shop and ___________
2. You cannot prosper unless ___________
3. As it was raining ___________
4. If you don’t like tea__________
5. He must come in time, otherwise ___________
6. I don’t know If ___________.
7. You can go if ___________
8. It was very hot therefore ___________
9. I wrote to him that___________
10. Don’t go out in the sun lest ___________
11. Hari as well his friends ___________
12. Either Mohan or his brother___________ |
Conjunctions are the words which join words, phrases, sentences or clauses.
Types of Conjunction:-
Conjunctions are mainly of two types:
1. Co – ordinating Conjunctions
2. Subordinating Conjunctions
Co-ordinating conjunctions are the words which join words or phrases of equal rank.
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Pattern – 1
Subject + Intransitive verb + Adverbials
Ex.
1. He Sings Well
2. You laughed loudly
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